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2

who

I usually speak to the woman. She owns the hotel.

I usually speak to the woman who owns the hotel.

Use: people

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3

which

I have got a lovely dog. It has got white fur.

I have got a lovely dog which has got white fur.

Use: things/animals

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4

That

She’s the teacher who came to our school last week.

This is the house which belongs to my friend.

Use: That can replace who or which in defining
relative clauses and in an informal style.

She’s the teacher that came to our school last week.

This is the house that belongs to my friend.

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Modal verbs:

•Common characteristics:

•They only have one form

•They are followed by an infinitive without to
(bare-infinitive)

•They form questions using inversion (change
their place with the subject of the sentence)

•They form the negative taking “not”

•They indicate modality:

•ability or capacity – can / could

•permission – may / might

•request – will (as “Will you give me a
pen?”)

•suggestions or advice – should, ought
to

•order or obligation – must

Modal verbs to express certainty,
uncertainty, deduction and speculation:

•Must

– certainty: we are 100% sure that something is true:

•He must speak French. He used to live in France.

– deduction: we ask for confirmation

•You must be tired after such a long trip.

•May, might, could

– possibily: we think that something is posible now or in the future.

•He might be at home. He may help you.

– speculation about future events:

•You may win the game if you practice a lot.

•Can´t

– certainty: we are 100% sure that something is NOT true:

•He can´t be at home. I just saw him at the supermarket.

– impossibility: we know that something is not true because it´s impossible:

•It can´t be a ghost. Ghosts do no exists.

Modal Continuous

Structure: modal verb + be + present participle (-ing) of the verb

She must work hard.

 She must be working hard.

They might come home.

 They might be coming home.

She can´t speak seriously.

 She can´t be speaking seriously.

This structure can be used with all modals!

Must / May /
Might / Could /

Can´t

be

Sleeping / eating

/ reading

Zero Conditional

The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the
condition is met.

Form:

[if + present simple], [present simple]

Example:

If you heat water until 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

If I drink too much coffee, I get a headache.

First Conditional

The First Conditional is used to predict the result of a future action (things
which might happen in the future).

Form:

[if + present simple], [will + infinitive]

Example:

If she gets good grades, she will go to university.

You’ll fail the exam if you don’t do more work.

Second conditional

The Second conditional is used to talk about situations that are unlikely or
unreal. It can refer to the present or the future.

Form:

[if + past simple], [would + infinitive]

Example:

If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.

I would learn Italian, if I had the time.

Third Conditional

The Third Conditional is used to speculate about the imaginary result of things
which didn’t happen.

Form:

[if + past perfect], [would have + past participle]

Example:

If you had studied harder, you would have passed your exams.

We wouldn’t have been late, if we hadn’t missed the bus.