• Know that rocks can be classified as metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary, and describe the identifying features of each type of rock.

• Describe the rock cycle and the formation of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks in terms of solidification, erosion, sedimentation, burial, metamorphism and melting.

#1,2 Learning Objectives

• IGNEOUS ROCKS

  • no fossils. have gas bubbles

  • ex. Granite

• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

  • contain fossils, low density

  • soft and easy to crumble

  • ex. limestone, sandstone

• METAMORPHIC ROCKS

  • have distorted fossils, glassy

  • ex marble, gneiss

TYPES OF ROCKS

• Process: Solidification

  • Rocks melt deep inside the Earth to form magma.

  • When magma cools, it solidifies to form igneous rocks.

FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Processes: Erosion, Sedimentation, Burial

  1. Erosion

     • Rocks are broken down by wind, water, or ice into small pieces called sediments.

  2. Sedimentation

     • These sediments are transported and deposited in layers (e.g., in rivers, lakes, seas).

  3. Burial

     • Over time, layers build up. Pressure compresses the sediments, and minerals cement them together to form sedimentary rocks.

FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Process: Metamorphism

  • Existing rocks (igneous or sedimentary) are subjected to high heat and pressure deep underground.

  • They do not melt, but their structure and minerals change.

  • This forms metamorphic rocks (e.g., limestone → marble, shale → slate).

FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

ROCK CYCLE PROCESSES

• The rock cycle is interconnected:

  • Melting → forms magma

  • Solidification → forms igneous rocks

  • Erosion + Sedimentation + Burial → form sedimentary rocks

  • Metamorphism → forms metamorphic rocks

  • Any rock can:

    • Be uplifted and eroded

    • Be buried and metamorphosed

    • Melt again and restart the cycle

• Describe the way fossils can form in sedimentary rocks.

#3 Learning Objective

1. Dead animals / dead plants trapped within sediment / buried by sediment

2. Soft parts decompose / soft parts rot away

3. Minerals replace the bones / mineralisation

FOSSIL FORMATION

• Know that there are different types of soils and they can be classified based on their clay, sand and organic content.

• Know that soil composition can change, which can support, or hinder, plant growth.

#4, 5 Learning Objectives

"The darker the soil, the healthier it is."

It is because it contains more HUMUS.

HUMUS - dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.

SOIL

1.CLAY - has finest grains, absorbs a lot of water

2. SAND - has coarse grains, drains a lot of water

3. SILT - finer than sand

4. LOAM - best soil for plants, water absorption is enough

TYPES OF SOIL

1. Pour same amount of water onto the same amount of each type of soil (clay, loam, sand)

2. Measure the volume of water that drains into the measuring cylinder in a minute.

3. The soil that has the highest amount of water in the cylinder has the least water absorption of water.

4. Clay absorbs the most amount of water (1st cylinder) while sand drains the most amount of water (the last cylinder).

TEST TO KNOW SOIL'S WATER RETENTION

clay loam sand

• Observe and describe the changes in the appearance of the Moon over its monthly cycle.

• Describe the relative position and movement of the planets, the Moon and the Sun in the Solar System.

#6,7 Learning Objectives

• Earth's only natural sunlight

• Gets its light from the Sun. It only reflects the Sun's light, making it appear bright in our sky.

• The amount of Moon we see changes over the month — lunar phases — because the the Sun lights different parts of the Moon as the Moon revolves/ orbits around the Earth.

MOON

• The path of the planets around the sun is called ORBIT.

• Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun while Neptune is the farthest one.

• The farther the planet from the sun, the longer it will take to complete one orbit.

• The farther the planet from the sun, the lower is its mean surface temperature (except for Venus - has the hottest temperature)

• Sun is at the center of the solar system. It is a STAR because it produces its own heat and light.

SOLAR SYSTEM

Clue:

MVEMJSUN

The correct answer