Intelligence (AP Psychology)

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Intelligence ● The ability to learn from experience,

solve problems, and use knowledge to
adapt to new situations.

○ Is socially constructed thus…
○ Can be culturally specific.

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Is intelligence one thing or
several different abilities?

To find out scientists use
FACTOR ANALYSIS:

A statistical procedure that

identifies clusters of related
items on a test.

Charles Spearman used FA to
discovery his g or (general
intelligence).

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Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner disagreed
with Spearman’s g and
instead came up with the
concept of multiple
intelligences.

He came up with the idea
by studying savants (a
condition where a person
has limited mental ability
but is exceptional in one
area).

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"The measure of intelligence is the ability to

change."

― Albert Einstein

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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
• Logical/Mathematical
• Bodily/Kinesthetic
• Musical/Rhythmic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Natural

Learn More about
Gardner

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Sternberg’s Three Aspects of Intelligence

Gardner Simplified (C.A.P)

Creative (generating novel ideas)

Analytical (academic problem solving).

Practical (required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist).

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Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

First called social intelligence.

The ability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate
emotions.

Some studies show EQ to be a
greater predictor for future
success than IQ

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How do we Assess Intelligence?

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set
out to figure out a concept called a
mental age (what a person of a
particular age should know).

They discovered that by discovering
someone’s mental age they can predict
future performance.

Hoped they could use test to help
children, not label them.

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Terman and his IQ Test

• Used Binet’s research to

construct the modern day IQ
test called the Stanford-Binet
Test.

• IQ=Mental age/Chronological

age X 100.

A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her
IQ?

A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is
his IQ?

A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of
200, how old is he?

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Problems with the IQ Formula

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 15
subtests and cues us in to strengths by using…

Similarities (in which way are these alike?)

Vocabulary (naming objects or defining words)

Block Design (visual abstract processing)

Letter-Number Sequencing (on hearing a sequence
of letters and numbers, repeating the numbers in
order, and then the letters in alphabetical order).

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Aptitude test
Achievement Test

Aptitude v. Achievement Tests

A test designed to predict a person’s
future performance.

A test designed to assess what
a person has learned.

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How do we construct Intelligence tests?

Tests must be:

•Standardized

•Reliable

•Valid

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Standardization

The test must be pre-tested to a
representative sample of people and

form a normal distribution or bell
curve

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Reliability

The term reliability in
psychological research
refers to the
consistency of a
research study or
measuring test.

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Validity

The extent to which a test measures
what it is supposed to measure.

Content Validity: does the test
sample a behavior of interest

Predictive Validity: does the test
predict future behavior.

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Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict
adolescent IQ scores. BUT…

Depends on the type of
intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

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Crystalized vs Fluid Intelligence

Crystalized= ability to relate
information to past experiences
(old people intelligence)

Fluid= Our ability to learn new
things...i.e.Technology

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Extremes of Intelligence

Most individuals with Down
syndrome have mild (IQ: 50–69) or
moderate (IQ: 35–50) intellectual
disability with some cases having
severe (IQ: 20–35) difficulties.

Sho Yano earned his bachelor's degree at
Loyola University at age 12 — and it only
took him three years. Then, at 21, he earned
his MD from the University of Chicago.

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Test Bias?

Tests do discriminate.

But some argue that there sole
purpose is to discriminate.

We have to look at the type of
discrimination.

Should we eliminate standardized
testing?