MID TERM PRESENTATION GROUP 8

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Table of contents

Variables

Sampling

Bias & Minimizing Bias

Independent vs. Dependent Variables
Associations

Random Selection

I. Variables

Example:
Definition
According to The Office of Research
Integrity (ORI), variable is any kind
of attribute or characteristic that
researchers use to describe and
measure the things, phenomena,
places, people, or ideas they are
studying.

Feature
A variable's value can change
between groups or over time
(Menter et al., 2011).

Variable: eye color
Its value: brown, blue, green, etc.

Independent vs. Dependent Variable

(Menter et al., 2011)

Math test scores

The temperature of the room.

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Example:A study to test whether changes in room temperature have an

effect on math test scores.

Associations

Two or morethings are related to each other
Definition

Types

Positive association:

Negative association:

One
variable is
increased

The value
of another

variable

increases

One
variable is
increased

The value
of another

variable

decreases

X: Independent variable
Y: Dependent variable

Positive Association

Negative Association

Good review

Bad review

Purchasing
rate

Purchasing
rate

x

x

y

y

Stress

Exercise

Acne
Weight

x

x

y

y

Whatassociation is this? Draw the line.

1.You experience more breakout in acne when you’re
more stressed.

2.

You experience weight loss when you exercise more.

II. Sampling

What is it?

Sampling consists of
selecting some part of the
population to observe so
that one may estimate
something about the whole
population. (Thompson, 2012)

●Who is the subject of
this research?

●How many participants
required?

●Is it representative?

How?

Estimation of HANU students nationality

10%
Inter

90%
Viet

A simple random sample

A systematic random sample

A stratified sample

A cluster sample

Census

Purposive sample

II. Sampling

Sampling techniques (Menter et al., 2011)

Random Selection

Random selection is the process of
selecting a smaller group of individuals
from a larger group to be participants in
a study by randomly selecting individuals.
(ORI)

Definition

Every person has an equal chance of
being selected, which allows each of the
individuals in the group the same chance
of participating.

Types of Random Selection

Example: A researcher wants to interview HANU students about their experience with online dating.

One of the most popular and simple data collection methods

in research fields

—> Aim: Sample will be representative of the
larger group and less likely to be subject to bias.

—> Unbiased data collection, which lets studies
arrive at unbiased conclusions.

Random Selection

Increase the

generalizability of results.

III. Bias & Minimizing Bias

- Bias (n) systematic error introduced into sampling or testing
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

- Research bias is unavoidable but biased research is unacceptable!

BIAS

VERY

IMPORTANT

1. Random Assignment

Eligible Participants

Experimental

Group A

Experimental

Group B
Control Group

-Randomly assigns participants into groups

-Tackles sampling bias: ensuring everyone
has the same chance of participating in the
research

2. Blinding

-Participants (and even researchers) are
not aware of which group they are in

-Tackles researcher bias:minimize
personal beliefs in research

Thank you for
your attention!

References

Menter, I., Elliot, D., Hulme, M., Lewin, J., & Lowden, K. (2011). A guide to practitioner research in education.

Sage.

Johnson, K. (2008). Quantitative Methods in Linguistics. Wiley

Office of Research Integrity [ORI] (n.d.). Module 3: Elements of research. ORI - The Office of Research

Integrity. https://ori.hhs.gov/module-3-elements-research

Thompson, S. K. (2012). Sampling (Vol. 755). John Wiley & Sons