Rise of Nationalism in Europe & Political Revolutions

⚫ French Revolution had failed to keep republic

⚫ Metternich (Austrian prime minister) pushes for

conservatism

⚫ Congress of Vienna meets to balance European

power

⚫ Conservative monarchs put back in power

A Quick Recap

Nationalism and Liberalism

⚫ Revolutionary ideas spread

to other European nations

⚫ Countries affected:

⚫ German states
⚫ Prussia
⚫ Italy
⚫ Poland
⚫ Belgium
⚫ France

Remember the Differences:
⚫ Nationalism

⚫ National independence or

unification main motivation

⚫ Liberalism

⚫ Desired reforms within the

state (not to break away)

Liberal Revolts

⚫ Sought more voting rights

and better working
conditions

⚫ Argument for universal

male suffrage (UMS)

⚫ More successful in

France and Britain

⚫ After a 2nd revolution,

France parliament
elected by UMS

⚫ Britain gives right to

vote to middle class

Revolutions of the 1830s

⚫ France establishes a new

limited monarchy

⚫ Belgium gains

independence from
Dutch Republic

⚫ Failed German

unification

⚫ Failed revolution

attempts against Austria

Revolutions Recap

Revolutions of 1848

Revolt in German States

⚫ German Confederation (38

German states)

⚫ Austria and Prussia biggest

⚫ Denmark and France also

control some territories

⚫ Frankfurt Assembly formed to

draft new liberal constitution

⚫ Wanted a unified German

state

⚫ Did not gain

support from
Frederick William
IV of Prussia

⚫ Has become a powerful European state

by 1860s
⚫ Known for its militarism (reliance on

military strength)

⚫ Army attempts to increase size;

legislature refuses to provide funding
⚫ New leader of Prussia: Wilhelm I

Rise of Prussia

Otto von Bismarck

⚫ Prussian chancellor (advises

the king)

⚫ Practiced “realpolitik”

⚫ Politics based off of reality,

not ethics

⚫ Unify German through any

means

⚫ Raised powerful military

⚫ Done without approval of

legislature

Strongest Power
in Europe

⚫ Successfully defeats

Denmark and Austria

⚫ Wanted Alsace-Lorraine

(owned by France)

⚫ Franco-Prussian War

(1870-71)

⚫ France loses key providences

⚫ William I becomes Kaiser

⚫ “Caesar” of Second German

Empire

Early 1800s Italy was comprised of small autonomous cities and provinces. However, several factors caused many Italians to seek a unified nation

  A. Napoleon had combined some Italian territories, giving people a sense of Italian unity

  B. After the Congress of Vienna many Italian territories were under foreign rule

  C. Italians had a common language and religion

​

The Rise of Italy

• He organized a secret society known as “Young Italy”

• He was the heart/voice of unification

• He wanted a liberal democratic republic to govern a united Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini

Camillo Cavour

• He was a military leader who commanded a group known as the Red Shirts

• Garibaldi was the sword of unification

• He would be responsible for driving the Spanish out of southern Italy

​​Giuseppe Garibaldi

• He ran a newspaper called “Risorgimento”, which means, “The Resurrection”

• Cavour was the brains of the unification

• He favored a unified Italy led by Sardinia

Independence in Mexico

⚫ Spanish control weakening in

Latin America

⚫ Revolt led by Miguel Hidalgo in

Mexico

⚫ Revolution crushed and Hidalgo

executed

⚫ Inspired other attempts

⚫ Peninsulares and Creoles overthrew

Spanish rule

⚫ Independence declared in 1821

⚫ Monarchy--->Republic in 1823

September 16
Mexican Independence
Day

Augustin de Iturbide
1822-1823