Epidermis- superficial region Consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular  epi= above

Dermis-underlies epidermis 

• Mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular 

Hypodermis- (superficial fascia)  hypo= below

• Not technically part of the skin 

• Subcutaneous 

• Mostly adipose tissue 

​skin layers

epidermal layers mnemonic

Come Lets Get Sun- Burned (superficial to deep)

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

Some text here about the topic of discussion

types of skin cells

Some text here about the topic of discussion

K​eratinocytes Produce keratin Fibrous protein that gives skin its protective properties Tightly connected by desmosomes Millions slough off every day

Melanocytes Spider-shaped cells located in deepest epidermis Produce melanin packaged into melanosomes (What is this?) melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes protect nucleus from UV damage

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis activate the immune system Derived from bine marrow and migrated to epidermis

Tactile (Merkel) cells sensory receptors that sense touch

types of glands

Merocrine-  

• Most numerous type 

• Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead 

• Ducts connect to pores 

• Function in thermoregulation 

• Regulated by sympathetic nervous system 

• Secrete sweat 

• 99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe-killing peptide), metabolic wastes 

Eccrine-  AKA knows as merocrine  

sebaceous gland- Widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles 

• Most develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles 

• Relatively inactive until puberty 

• Stimulated by hormones, especially androgens 

• Secrete sebum 

Some text here about the topic of discussion

​Apocrine- Confined to axillary and anogenital areas 

• Secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and proteins 

• Bacteria break down sweat, leading to body odor 

• Larger than eccrine sweat glands with ducts emptying into hair follicles 

• Begin functioning at puberty  

• Function unknown but may act as sexual scent gland 

• Modified apocrine glands 

• Ceruminous glands: lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax) 

• Mammary glands: secrete milk 

types of burns

1st degree burn- Epidermal damage only 

• Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain 

2nd degrees burn Epidermal and upper dermal damage 

• Blisters appear 

• First- and second-degree burns are referred to as partial-thickness burns because only the epidermis and upper dermis are involved 

3rd degree burn 

• Entire thickness of skin involved (referred to as full-thickness burns) 

• Skin color turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened 

• No edema is seen and area is not painful because nerve endings are destroyed 

• Skin grafting usually necessary