Conjunctions

Conjunctions

They link words, phrases, sentences, and ideas…

compare & contrast

although/even though/though, despite/in spite of + n, but/yet/still/however

reason & result

because/since/as, because of/due to/as a result of + n, so/therefore/as a
result/consequently

purpose

so/so that/so as/in order that

time

when/while/as, once/as soon as/no sooner than, by the time, before/after, until/till, as
long as

addition

and, too, as well as/besides/in addition to/additionally, not only but also

Conjunctions and Functions

Compare & contrast

Situation: It is raining but we want to go out.

Although/Even though/Though it was raining a lot, we went out.

We went out although/even though/though it was raining a lot.

Pay attention

**I went out yesterday. I didn’t stay long though. (=but/however)

**I’ve just eaten. Thanks, though! (=anyway)

Compare & contrast

In spite of/despite heavy rain, we went out.

It was raining heavily yesterday. In spite of/despite this/that, we went out.

Despite/in spite of having a headache, I went out.

In spite of/despite the fact that it was raining heavily, we went out.

Compare & contrast

It was raining heavily, but I went out nevertheless/nonetheless. (=despite/in spite of this)

It was raining heavily. Nevertheless/Nonetheless, I went out.

Compare & contrast

It rained a lot, but we enjoyed our vacation.

The weather was warm but rainy.

**The weather was rainy but not cold.

Pay attention

**Everybody but Jane went out (=except)

Compare & contrast

The weather seems strange yet/still I will go out. (=but)

It was raining heavily. However, we decided to go out. (=but)

It was raining heavily; however, we decided to go out.

Reason/Result

Because/since/as it was raining, we didn’t go out.

We didn’t go out because/since/as it was raining.

Because of/due to/owing to/as a result of heavy rain, we didn’t go out.

Because of/due to the fact that it was raining, we didn’t go out.

Reason/Result

It was raining, so we didn’t go out.

It was raining. As a result/Therefore/Consequently, we didn’t go out.(formal)

Purpose

Situation: I can’t see the screen because someone is standing in front of me.

I asked him to move so/so that/so as/in order that I could see the screen.

So/so that/so as/in order that I could see the screen better, I asked him to move.
(cambridge dictionary)

​****I asked him to move in order to/to see the screen.

Time

When I went out, it started to rain. (first I went out then it rained)

When I went out, it was raining. (it started before I go out)

When/While/as it was raining, I was walking down the street. (at the same time)

*common mistakes: When the rain will stop….

Pay attention

As I grow older, I get wiser.(-dıkça, dikçe)

NOT when/while I grow older

Time

By the time I went out, it had been raining for hours.

By the time I came home, he was already there.

By the time I turn 35, I will have traveled to 20 countries.

By the time the rain stops, it will be too late to go out.

Time

Once the rain stops, I will go out. (=as soon as/after)

As soon as the rain stops, I will go out.

I had no sooner arrived home than it started to rain = No soonerhad I arrived home than it started to
rain. (=as soon as I arrived home…)

Once the rain will stop

Time

Before I went out, I finished work. (or Before I went out I had finished work.)

After I finished work, I went out.

After finishing work/work, I went out.

After I will…/Before I will…

Time

As long as/So long as it rains, I will never go out. (=talking about duration)

**You can stay as long as you like.

**As long as you let me know, you can go out late. (=provided that)

Time

I will wait until/till the rain stops.

Until it will stop…

Addition

I like cats , dogs, and turtles.

I like cats , dogs, and turtles too.

As well as cats, I like dogs and turtles.

As well as liking cats, I like dogs and turtles.

Addition

Besides/In addition to dogs, I like cats and turtles. (formal)

Besides/In addition to liking dogs, I like cats and turtles.

I like cats. Additionally, I like dogs and turtles.

Addition

I like not only dogs but also cats and turtles. (formal)

Not only do I like dogs, but I also like cats and turtles.