Fall 2022 Final Review 1

Levels of organization

Life begins at the
cellular level

The Cell is the
smallest unit of life

Atoms, molecules,
and organelles do not
exist outside of the
cell

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Includes which cells?

Nucleus (yes/ no)

membrane -bound organelles?

Cell membrane and ribosomes?

size

Very very very small

Yes

Very small

No

Yes

Plant, animal, fungus, protist

NO

Bacteria

Yes

Yes

Organelle

Function

Prokaryote, Eukaryote,

or both?

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

BOTH

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration-

makes the energy

Eukaryotes

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Eukaryotes- PLANTS ONLY

Nucleus

Stores genetic material (DNA)

and directs cell activity

Eukaryotes

Organelle

Function

Prokaryote, Eukaryote, or

both?

Cell Wall

Surrounds cell membrane
and provides additional

support

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes- PLANTS ONLY

Cell membrane

Controls what materials go

in/out. Maintains homeostasis.

BOTH.

All cells have a cell membrane.

Vacuole

Water and material storage

Eukaryotes

Viruses

Viruses

Virus due to the robot looking
shape

Animal cell because it has organelles,
is complex looking, and round

Virus because it does not have organelles
and has projections on the outside

Bacteria cell because of the
flagella attached

Plant cell because it has
organelle, look complex, and is
squarish in shape

Virus structure

Capsid

Protective covering of the genetic material or genome (similar to the nucleus of the cell)

Protein
envelope

The outer covering the virus (similar
to the cell membrane, but made of
proteins)

Projections

Structures on the outside of the virus that allows it to attach to the host cell

5. How do viruses attach to cells?

Surface proteins, or glycoproteins, act as “keys".

They bind with the host cells receptor proteins, or “locks."

Type of Process

Reactants

Products

Organelle and cell
type where it occurs

Energy conversion

Photosynthesis

Water

Carbon dioxide

Sunlight energy

Glucose

oxygen

Chloroplast

Plant cells

Solar (light)
energy from the
sun into chemical
energy in glucose

Cellular

Respiration

Glucose

oxygen

Water

Carbon dioxide

ATP energy

Mitochondria

plant and animal
cells

Chemical energy
in glucose into
chemical energy
in ATP

Cellular Respiration

There are 2 types of cellular respiration; Anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration does not
require oxygen and makes much
less energy- up to 4 ATP

Aerobic respiration uses
oxygen and creates much
more energy. 32-36 ATP

chloroplast

glucose

oxygen

ATP

Mitochondria

Carbon dioxide

water

Plants use carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight to make glucose and
oxygen

All living organisms use
glucose and oxygen to
create ATP energy,carbon
dioxide, and water

Cellular Respiration