SSWH21 Pt.2

STANDARD

•Describe the reforms of Khrushchev
and Gorbachev and the breakup of the
Soviet Union in 1991 that produced
independent countries

KHRUSHCHEV

•Nikita Khrushchev came to power in 1958 he
embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization

•He criticized and made Stalin's crimes known

•He eased censorship, softened restrictions on artists
and intellectuals, freed political prisoners, and ended
the secret police's fear tactics

•He also enacted economic reforms that gave more
control to local communities and tried to refocuses
the economy to create more consumer goods

​Khrushchev

​Khrushchev was known for his denunciation of Joseph Stalin's crimes. During his rule he allowed movies, books, art and music. He even sponsored Soviet space programs, increased labor and capital investments, and formed new production programs.

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GORBACHEV

•Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985 and issued broad
reforms in the Soviet Union that then got away from him

•His reform efforts were two-pronged

•Glasnost referred to "openness"

•It ended censorship and allowed people to openly
discuss problems in the Union and with the Communists

•Perestroika, meaning "restructuring," aimed to remake
the government and the economy to allow for more
efficiency and more productivity

GORBACHEV

• He worked to streamline bureaucracy and allowed for limited private enterprise

• These changes resulted in economic turmoil, food shortages, and high prices

• The reforms also opened the way for political unrest as dissidents could have a voice

• Eastern European countries, seeing the Soviet's weakness, declared independence, and

nationalism rose throughout the Soviet Union

• Gorbachev was unable to hold them all together

• A coup by hardline communists against Gorbachev in 1991 failed, but it severely weakened his

ability to govern and maintain the Soviet Union

• He resigned later in the year, ending the Soviet Union

It was ​Christmas Day 1991 when Gorbachev stepped down from his post leading to the End of The Soviet Union and 15 independent republic states.

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TERRORISM

STANDARD

•Analyze terrorism as a form
of warfare in the
contemporary world

WHAT IS TERRORISM?

• Terrorism is an ancient tactic, but its use around the world has increased since the 1960s

• Terrorism refers to violence against civilians for political purposes

• It is meant to get the attention of governments, and terrorists believe that even harsh reprisals

are productive by garnering sympathy for their causes

• Terrorist acts include:

• Bombings

• Hijackings

• Kidnapping

• Shootings

EUROPE

•During the 1960s and 1970s, both sides of
the conflict in Northern Ireland, Catholics
and Protestants, used terrorist tactics

•The British sent in troops who violated the
civil rights of IRA (Irish Republican Army)
members and Catholic communities

•Peace was finally reached in 1998 with the
Good Friday Agreement

LATIN AMERICA

•Since the 1960s, urban terrorists in Latin America
have targeted banks, stores, police departments,
public buildings and military posts in fights against
repressive governments and US economic
domination

•Terrorist organizations plagued civilians and
governments throughout Latin American, notably
in Peru, Columbia, Brazil, and Mexico

•Some were Marxists while others were motivated
by nationalism

MIDDLE EAST TARGETS US

• In the 1990s, the terrorist organization al-Qaida,

led by Osama bin Laden, targeted the foreign
influence in Arab countries

• In 1998 al-Qaida built its terror brand with the

bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania,
and again with the bombing of the USS Cole in
2000

• Then they take everything and try to completely

break the United States

A DAY TO REMEMBER, A DAY TO SERVE

•On September 11, 2001, Al-Qaida orchestrated the hijacking of
four airplanes in the US
•Two will hit the Twin Towers in New York City
•One will hit the Pentagon outside of Washington DC
•The fourth one was aimed for the White House, but will be
taken down by the passengers on board and land in
Pennsylvania

WAR ON TERROR

•Within a month, US forces were
deployed to Afghanistan where it was
believed that the Taliban was harboring
bin Laden
•The government also responded with
increased watchfulness and a global
“war on terrorism”