By which process is thermal energy transferred through a vacuum?

A slice of bread is placed under a red-hot electric grill to make toast. What is/are the main process/processes by which the energy reach the bread?

We feel the intense heat from the Sun when we stand in the open during noon time. How is heat transferred from the Sun to the Earth?

A piece of aluminium foil is used to wrap around food to be cooked in an oven. The foil has a shiny side and a dull side. Which side should be on the outside and why?

A few soccer boys were trapped in a cave in Thailand in 2018. One of the things that rescuers did was to wrap a thin plastic blanket, with a shiny metallic surface, around the boys. What type of thermal energy transfer (heat loss) is the shiny surface intended to reduce?

Sunbathing is an example of...

By which process is thermal energy transferred through a vacuum?

Which type of surfaces are better absorbers or emitters of infra-red radiation?