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Nouns are words that represent people, places, or things. Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word. That word is called a "noun." You might find it useful to think of a noun as a "naming word."

Often, nouns name things we can touch (e.g., "lion," "cake," "computer"), but sometimes they name things we cannot touch (e.g., "bravery," "mile," "joy").

Examples of noun

A proper noun is the given name of a person, place, or thing. It's likely to be a personal name or a title.

Proper Noun.

A common noun is the word for a person, place, or thing. It's the word that appears in the dictionary.

Common Noun.

Concrete nouns are things you can see or touch.

Concrete Nouns

Abstract nouns are things you cannot see or touch.

Abstract Nouns

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​Collective nouns are words that denote groups.

​Compound nouns are nouns made up of more than one word.

A countable noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form

​​Countable Nouns

A non-countable noun is a noun without a plural form

​​Non-Countable Nouns

​Gender-specific nouns are nouns that are definitely male or female.

​Gerunds are nouns that end "-ing" and that represent actions. Gerunds have verb-like properties.

​Verbal nouns are nouns derived from verbs. (Verbal nouns have no verb-like properties.)

Now, let's talk about pronouns

​Pronouns are words that replace nouns. I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are all examples of common pronouns.

​The antecedent of a pronoun is the noun, noun phrase, or noun clause being replaced by the pronoun.

Different Types of Pronoun

​A personal pronoun takes the place of people or things. The personal pronouns are "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they."

​A possessive pronoun shows possession. The possessive pronouns are "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "ours," and "theirs."

​A relative pronoun introduces a clause that describes a noun. (The clause is called an adjective clause.) The relative pronouns are "that," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose." The following relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses (underlined) that provide information necessary to identify their nouns.

​The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." A demonstrative pronoun can refer to something previously mentioned or to something in the speaker's surroundings (e.g., something being pointed at by the speaker).

​An emphatic pronoun is paired with another noun or pronoun (shown in bold) to emphasize it. The emphatic pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves."

​A reflexive pronoun is paired with another noun or pronoun to show it is acting on itself. They have a different function to emphatic pronouns, but they're the same words ("myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves").

​An indefinite pronoun refers to a person or a thing without being specific. The most common indefinite pronouns are "any," "anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "no one," "nobody," "none," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone."

​An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. The interrogative pronouns are "what," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose."

​A reciprocal pronoun is used to express a mutual action or relationship. The reciprocal pronouns are "each other" and "one another."

Now, Let's talk about Adverbs

​Adverbs are words that describe verbs.

​An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Lots of adverbs end "-ly."

• She swims quickly.

• She is an extremely quick swimmer.

• She swims extremely quickly.

​An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Lots of adverbs end "-ly."

​When an adverb modifies a verb, it tells us how, when, where, why, how often, or how much the action is performed.

• How: He ran quickly.

• When: He ran yesterday.

• Where: He ran here.

• How often: He ran daily.

• How much: He ran fastest.

​An adverb of manner tells us how an action occurs.

• The lion crawled stealthily.

• Will you come quietly, or do I have to use earplugs?

​(NB: Lots of adverbs of manner end "-ly.")

An adverb of time tells us when an action occurs or how often.

• I tell him daily.

• What you plant now, you will harvest later.

(NB: Adverbs of time that tell us how often something occurs (e.g., "always," "often," "sometimes") are also known as "adverbs of frequency.")

An adverb of place tells us where an action occurs.

• I did not put it there.

• Poetry surrounds us everywhere, but putting it on paper is, alas, not so easy as looking at it.

An adverb of degree tells us to what degree an action occurs.

• He works smarter.

• Doubters make me work harder to prove them wrong.

It's time to talk about Preposition

​Prepositions precede words to link them to nearby words. Above, about, below, for, from, in, inside, into, of, to, until, and with are all common prepositions. There are lots of others. Lots of prepositions precede words to tell us where or when things are.

​Examples of prepositions that tell us where:

• The cat on the table is called Toby.

• Our lorry is stuck at the traffic lights.

​Examples of prepositions that tell us when:

• The meeting on Saturday

• The bell will ring at 7 o'clock.

​About the Word "Preposition"

​The word "preposition" means "positioned before." A preposition sits before a word (either a noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word. Look at these examples:

• a bone for the dog.

• everyone except the teacher.

• Above

• About

• Across

• Against

• Along

• Among

• Around​

• At

• Before​

• Behind

• Below

• Beneath

• Beside

• ​Between

• Beyond

• By

• Down

• During​

• Except

• For

• From

• In

• Inside

• Into

• Like

• Near

• Of​

• Off

• On

• Since

• To

• Toward

• Through

• Under

• Until

• Up​

• Upon

• With

• Within​

​The word (or phrase) that follows a preposition is called the object of a preposition. If there is a preposition, there will always be an object of the preposition. A preposition cannot exist by itself.

Let's recall what Conjunctions are​

What Are Conjunctions?

​Conjunctions are joiners. They are used to join words, phrases, or clauses. "And," "but," and "or" are three common conjunctions.

• Jack and Jill went up the hill.

A conjunction joining phrases:

A conjunction joining words:

• Toby is a highly intelligent but sometimes quiet boy.

A conjunction joining clauses:

• You can prepare the salad, or you can clean the floor.

​Types of Conjunction:

Let's recall what interjections are!

What Are Interjections?

Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.An interjection is not grammatically related to any other parts of the sentence.

Multi-word Interjections

Some interjections are more than one word. For example:

​

• Oh, really? I doubt that.

• Holy moly! She won!

Congrats! We've now come to the last topic, the Articles​.

What Are Articles?

The articles are the words "a," "an," and "the." They define whether something is specific or unspecific.

"A" and "an" are called the indefinite articles. They define their noun as something unspecific

(2) The Indefinite Article (A, An).

"The" is called the definite article. It defines its noun as something specific

(1) The Definite Article (The).

• This is the lake.

• This is a lake.