General Psychology

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​Psychology comes from the two Greek words...

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​ Psyche - Soul/Mind Logos- Study

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​According to Wilhem Wundt, "Psychology is the study of conscious experience."

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​This concept keeps Psychology focused in the mind but it requires that the method used is scientific.

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THE LIFE OF WILHEM WUNDT

Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist who established the very first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. This event is widely recognized as the formal establishment of psychology as a science distinct from biology and philosophy.

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Why Wundt? Other people such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Gustav Fechner, and Ernst Weber were involved in early scientific psychology research, so why are they not credited as the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt is the man most commonly identified as the "Father of psychology​."

Wundt is bestowed this distinction because of his formation of the world's first experimental psychology lab, which is usually noted as the official start of psychology as a separate and distinct science.

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By establishing a lab that utilized scientific methods to study the human mind and behavior, Wundt took psychology from a mixture of philosophy and biology and made it a unique field of study.

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He is often associated with the school of thought known as structuralism, although it was his student Edward B. Titchener who was truly responsible for the formation of that school of psychology. Wundt also developed a research technique known as introspection, in which highly trained observers would study and report the content of their own thoughts​.

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people’s reports of

how heavy they perceive an object to be and how bright a

flash of light seems to be.​

​Example:

refers to observing and recording the nature of one’s own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.​

INTROSPECTION​

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​The introspective method was inherited from philosophy, but Wundt added a new dimension to the concept. Pure self-observation was not

sufficient; it had to be supplemented by experiments.

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The reliance on introspection, particularly for very rapid mental events, proved unworkable. Even after extensive training, different people produced very different introspections about simple sensory experiences, and few conclusions could be drawn from these differences. As a result, introspection is not a central part of the current cognitive perspective. And, as we will see, some psychologists’ reactions to introspection played a role in the development of other modern perspectives​

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• Structuralism & Functionalism: Early Schools of Thoughts

• The Behaviorist School of Thought

• Gestalt Psychology

• The Psychoanalytic School of Thought

• The Humanistic School of Thought

• Cognitive School of Thought

​STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISM: EARLY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

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• Structuralism is widely regarded as the first school of thought in psychology.

• ​Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought. Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were instead interested in the role that these processes play.

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​Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as:

• John B. Watson

• Ivan Pavlov

• B. F. Skinner

​Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior.

Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.​

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Example of Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning

​Gestalt Psychology

Gestalt is a German word meaning ‘form’ or ‘configuration’, which referred to the approach taken by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler, all of whom eventually emigrated to the United States.​

​Gestalt is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes.

Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the Gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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