​ES-I Practice lesson

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​Rule 1 – Use the Correct Form

Rule 2 – Use A or AN for Non-Specific Nouns

​Rule 3 – Use THE for Specific Nouns

Rule 4 – Use A Before a Consonant Sound

Rule 5 – Use AN Before a Vowel Sound

Rule 6 – Omit Articles for Standard Place Names, Nationalities and Languages

​Rule 7 – Use THE with Grouped Place Names​

​Rule 8 – Omit Articles for Nouns Describing Abstract Ideas

​Rule 9 - Omit Articles with Uncountable Nouns when Describing a General Concept

​Rule 10 – Use THE with Uncountable Specific Nouns

​Rule 11 – Use or Omit Articles for Locations to Change Meaning

​Let's recollect some rules for using ARTICLES...

Preposition - Time

​​in - months/seasons, years, time of day, centuries and historical periods, after a certain period of time

​at - time of days, noon, night and midnight, names of mealtime, age

on - days of the week

since - from a period of time up to the present (when it started)

​for - how long a period of time has been

from...to... - the beginning and end of a period of time

​until - a period of time up to a specific point in time

by - in the sense of ''at the latest'', due date

​Let's recollect some rules of PREPOSITIONS...

Preposition - Place (Location and Direction)​

​​in - when something is in a place, it is inside it (enclosed within limits)

​at - located at a specific place (a point), for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a movie, study, work)

on - being on a surface (not enclosed)​, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a building, for public transport, for television, radio

to - moving toward a specific place (the goal or end point of movement)

​from - for the origin or starting point

towards - movement in direction of something

​across - movement from one side to another

​through - ​movement from one side to another but ''in something''​

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​ ​For more information, click on the following link:

https://www.uvic.ca/learningandteaching/cac/assets/docs/Prepositions%20Final.pdf​

​​​1 – There are 3 types of verbs: Transitive, Intrasitive and Linking Verbs

2 – Transitive Verb needs a direct object. Intrasitive doesn't require a direct object.

​3 – As for the linking verbs, most used linkers are 'to be' (in all its forms) like am,is,are,was,were etc....

4 – Linkers are also mainlky known as Auxillaries which are two types: Primary and Modal

5 – Auxillaries are the vebs used tyo form tenses,mood,voice to other verbs.​

5 – Primary Auxillaries can be: to be(am,is,are,was,were), to do(does,do.did), to have(has,have,had)

6 – Modal Auxillaries can be shall,will,should,could,might,dare,used to,ought to,need to etc....

​7 – Some of the auxillaries and their usages: 'be' is considered as a principal verb used to identify noun or pronoun or asking about the subject. Also used for continuous tense e.g he was eating.

8 – Likewise 'Do'(do,does,did) is used to emphasize an assertion/to make a strong point e.g you do look sad.

9 – Have(have,had,has) is used with the infinitive to indicate an obligation e.g I have to go.

10 – Shall - to indicate a promise/a command; threat/determination.

11 – Should- in clauses of condition to express a supposition that may not be true​

​12 – Dare is commonly used with not and used is to talk about a habit.

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​Let's brush up our memory on Verbs...

​​​1 – There are 12 types of tenses

2 – Past: Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

​3 – Present: Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

4 – Future : Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

5 – Past tense always have had, was(except for 1st person plural,2nd person&3rd person plural) were as its supporting verbs.​

5 – Present tense always have are(for 1st person plural, 2nd person 3rd person plural),is(for 1st person singular,3rd person singular), have as its supporting verbs.

6 – Future tense always have will/shall, be, have as its supporting verbs.

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​Let's brush up our memory on Tenses...

1. Singular subjects require singular verbs.

2. Plural subjects require plural verbs. ​

3. Compound subjects with the word "and" require plural verbs.​

4. Compound subjects with the word "or" or "nor" can take either a singular verb or a plural verb​​

5. Collective nouns can be singular or plural.

( Collective nouns like “team,” “company,” “city,” “state,” “government,” “committee,” and “store” are singular nouns and thus take singular verbs. Collective nouns like “team members,” “company leaders,” and “city officials” are plural and thus take plural verbs.)

6.Indefinite pronouns are singular and take singular verbs.

7. ​Plural-form subjects are often singular when presented as a title.

8. Gerunds often function as singular nouns, and they take singular verbs.​

9. "They" is a third-person pronoun that can be both singular and plural.

10. The words and phrases "each," "each one," "either," "neither," "everyone," "everybody," "anyone," "anybody," "nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no one" are singular and require a singular verb.​

​Let's recollect some rules of Subject-verb Agreement

POINTS TO REMEMBER​:

• ​Singular subject = singular verb

• Plural subject = plural verb

• Cow= singular, eats= singular

• Ducks= plural, quack= plural

  In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways:

  nouns ADD an s to the singular form,BUT verbs REMOVE an s from the singular form. etc...

• ​ Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect the agreement.

Eg: The biker in this race is very competitive.

The bikers in this race are very competitive.

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​1. Man and woman ………………… complementary to each other. (is/are)

2. Plenty of mangoes and bananas ………………… available in this season.​(is/are)

3. A dictionary and an atlas …………………… missing from the library. (is/are)

4. The leader as well as his brothers ………………… to the same tribe. (is/are)

5.Cats and dogs ……………….…….. not get along.​ (is/are)

6. The students accompanied by their teacher …………………. gone on a picnic. (has/have)​

​7.A lot of houses ………………… collapsed in the storm. (has/have)

8. ​The children as well as their mother …………………. missing. (is/are)

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