Test Review High and Late Middle Ages

Magna Carta

• ​Signed by King John and limited the power of the King. The Kings had to follow the same rules the average people had to follow.

William the Conqueror

• ​William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England under his rule

​France and Capetian Dynasty

• The Capetian dynasty united most of France, and King Philip II (Augustus) made Paris the French capital.

• Joan of Arc (and her death/ status as a martyr) was a unifying factor.

• Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France

Hundred Years' War

• The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define both England and France as nations by creating feelings of solidarity (Nationalism)

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Charles V

• ​Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V, who was the Holy Roman Emperor.

Ferdinand and Isabella

• Ferdinand and Isabella unified most of Spain and expelled Jews and Moors

• Ferdinand united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion

• Isabella sponsored Christopher Columbus travels into the Americas (New World)

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Ivan the Great

• Stopped paying tribute​ to the Mongols

• Recovered lands that were taken from Russia

• Centralized power to the tsar in Moscow

• ​Unified Russia with the help of the Orthodox Church

​ •The Byzantine Empire in the east was under attack by Muslim Turks.

•In 1071, an army of Muslim Turks defeated the Byzantines and took control of their lands in Asia Minor

•The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help to save his Christian empire from Muslim forces

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• ​ In 1095, the pope asked Europe’s nobles to begin a crusade, or holy war, against the Muslim Turks. He urged them to capture Jerusalem and free the Holy Land, where Jesus had lived, from the Muslims

• ​ By the end of the century, the Muslims had regained all of the land that had been conquered by the crusaders.

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• ​ The Crusades brought Western Europeans into contact with Byzantines and Muslims. As a result, Western Europeans gained:

  •Knowledge – They learned how to build domes and create mosaics. They discovered how to build better ships and make more accurate maps and how to use the compass to tell direction.

  •Trade/Goods – Wealthy people in Western Europe began to demand eastern goods such as spices, sugar, lemons, and silk.

  •Feudal System – The Crusades weakened feudalism. Nobles who joined the Crusades sold their lands and freed their serfs, reducing their power. Kings were able to build stronger central governments.

  •Relations – Crusades caused bitter feelings between Christian Western Europe and the Islamic world. Often blamed for the conflicts today.

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• ​Killed 1/3 of Europe's population

• ​Broke the system of Feudalism

• ​Caused decline in Church influence

• ​Spread from fleas on Mice