Participle I & II

Participle 1 is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb. The verbal character of Participle 1 is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and correlation (see table 3) and syntactically in its combinability. Participle 1 can take a direct, indirect or prepositional object. It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier, with a noun or an adjective as a predicative.

e.g. ​

Do you know the girl standing near the window?

Having realized his mistake, Peter felt ashamed.

The Grammatical Categories of Participle 1

Table 3

Subject | Subject

invariably expresses priority, non-perfect Participle 1 varies in the meaning according to the context, expressing either the prior or a posterior action. Non-perfect Participle 1 regularly expresses immediate priority if it is formed from terminative verbs, such as verbs of motion (to come, to enter, to arrive), of sense perception (to see, to hear) and verbs associated with motion (to open, to put, to take, to seize).

The perfect participle of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time between the two actions, or when the action denoted by the participle is durative.

1.    The king collected a great army and conquered all Greece, until only Laconia remained unconquered.

2.    Having understood his mistake the artist said that it was a wonderful little painting.

3.    "That's too bad," said the professor. "You must have it repaired."

4.    I greeted him as gaily as I could, and then he shook hands with my mother, neither of them speaking.

5.    One of the Lacons' rules was always to speak briefly, using no more words than were needed.

• Participle 1 in the function of an adverbial modifier of time;

• Participle 2 as an attribute;

• The Objective participial construction (with Participle 2);

• The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction (with Participle 1) in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances;

• Participle 2 in the function of an adverbial modifier of condition