-Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press, using moveable type.

-greatly increases literacy & availability of books​

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-William Tyndale translates & prints the Bible in English.

-people can read & interpret the Bible in English, foundation for theAnglican Bible

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vernacular: local or common language

7.44 Printing Press & Tyndale Bible

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Church leaders over taxed its people for personal wealth and to fund church art projects. Reformers wanted change to stop church leaders from abusing power.

Church Tax Abuses

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Indulgences, or slips of paper offering forgiveness of sins, were sold to raise money. People argued that purchasing forgiveness was wrong.

Selling Indulgences

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Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses to state his protests against the Catholic Church. This started the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

7.45 Causes of the Protestant Reformation

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​Protestant reformers emphasized the importance of the Bible only to instruct Christian teachings, and not the pope or tradition.

Scripture Alone

Martin Luther argued that to obtain salvation (heaven), people needed to have faith in God. The Catholic Church taught salvation through good works, faith, and sacraments.​

Salvation by Faith

​John Calvin argued that God had already determined whether people would be saved or not. People demonstrated their salvation through leading successful lives.

Predestination

7.46 Protestant Reformation Ideas​

​King of England. Divorced his Spanish Catholic wife against the order of the pope. Created his own church: Anglicanism. Now, the king of England was both the leader of the country and leader of the church.​

​​King Henry VIII

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Ordered that England would return to Catholic Christianity. Persecuted English nobles who refused to convert back to Catholic Christianity.

Queen Mary I

7.47 Henry VIII and Mary I

-Attempts by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism.

​-Council of Trent: Catholic council that created reforms within the church (ex: stopping sale of indulgences, educating church leaders)

-Jesuits (aka Society of Jesus)​, started by Ignatius of Loyola, spread Catholicism through education and spreading Catholicism around the world

7.48 Catholic Counter Reformation

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Elizabeth led England in a Golden Age because of economic prosperity, exploration & colonization, spread of arts. Reinstated Anglicanism, but was more tolerant of other people's religions.

​​Golden Age

Spain's attempt to invade England and depose Queen Elizabeth. Spanish were defeated, leading to a decline in Spanish power and an increase in English power.

​​Spanish Armada, 1588

7.49 Queen Elizabeth I