There is no cure for AD.

The most essential and often earliest clinical manifestation of AD is selective memory impairment.

Plasma biomarkers for AD has been well established.

AD may be inherited.

In DSM-5, delirium is classified in NCD.

The term “dementia” and NCD could be used interchangeably.

Studies have found that patients decline 3-3.5 points on average on the MMSE each year.

Regarding cholinesterase inhibitors, patients with dementia of mild to moderate severity may be the most likely to derive clinical benefit.

Pure vascular dementia( dementia caused solely by vascular pathology) is common.

As most patients with vascular dementia or VCI have

small vessel disease rather than large vessel disease。

A high burden of clinically unrecognized silent cerebrovascular disease can be sufficient to cause dementia。

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia.

Patients with cognitive impairment and clinical or radiologic evidence of cerebrovascular pathology should be screened and treated for vascular risk factors.

Cholinesterase inhibitor therapy should be initiated in patients with dementia diagnosed after a stroke, even if there is no progressive cognitive decline.

Vascular dementia is a homogeneous disorder, so the prognosis is easily predictable.

Patients of vascular dementia with a clinical ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack should be treated with antithrombotic therapy regardless of stroke subtypes

Fluctuating cognition with pronounced variations in attention and alertness.

Recurrent visual hallucinations that are typically well formed and detailed.

REM sleep behavior disorder, which may precede cognitive decline.

Severe sensitivity to antipsychotic agents.

SPECT: low dopaminergic activity in the striatum

23-I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy: low uptake

CT/MRI: medial temporal lobe structures atrophy

FDG-PET: cingulate island sign

Behavior variant frontotemporal dementia

(bvFTD)

Nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia

(nvPPA)

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia

(svPPA)

Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia

(lvPPA)

True

False

Quetiapine

Aripiprazole

Amisulpride

Risperidone

運動可有效改善憂鬱症狀

輕度至中度憂鬱的1st line therapy為SSRI

一旦使用antidepressants，停藥可能使憂鬱症狀惡化

不論有無dementia，depression在生物心理社會各方面仍類似