• ethical problems endemic in particular research methods

• ethics and evaluative research

• regulatory ethical frameworks, guidelines and codes of practice for research

• personal codes of practice

• sponsored research

• responsibilities to the research community.

• Informed consent

• gaining access to and acceptance in the research setting in the nature of ethics in social research generally sources of tension in the ethical debate, including non-malefificence, benefificence and human dignity, absolutist and relativist ethics

• problems and dilemmas confronting the researcher, including matters of privacy, anonymity, confifidentiality, betrayal and deception.

Topik pada Etika Penelitian

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Cost and Rasio

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The costs/benefifits ratio is a fundamental concept expressing the primary ethical dilemma in social research. In planning their proposed research, social scientists have to consider the likely social benefits of their endeavours against the personal costs to the individuals taking part. Possible benefifits accruing from the research may take the form of crucial fifindings leading to signifificant advances in theoretical and applied knowledge. Failure to do the research may cost society the advantages of the research fifindings and ultimately the opportunity to improve the human condition. The costs to participants may include affronts to dignity, Embarrassment, loss of trust in social relations, loss of autonomy and self-determination, and lowered self-esteem. On the other hand, the benefifits to participants could take the form of satisfaction in having made a contribution to science and a greater personal understanding of the research area under scrutiny.

The process of balancing benefifits against possible costs is chieflfly a subjective one and not at all easy. There are few or no absolutes and researchers have to make decisions about research content and procedures in accordance with professional and personal values. This costs/benefifits ratio is the basic dilemma residual in a great deal of social research.

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