When someone or something provides you with information, we call them a source.

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​People, letters, books, files, films, videos, the internet and more can be sources of information

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​Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources

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Primary sources-display original thinking, report on new discoveries, or share fresh information.

-"original works"​

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Examples of primary sources:

Theses, dissertations, scholarly journal articles (research-based), some government reports, symposia and conference proceedings, original artwork, poems, photographs, speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, autobiographies, and correspondence.

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Secondary Sources describe or explain primary sources.

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Textbooks, edited works, books and articles that interpret or review research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation, reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and commentaries.

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Tertiary sources provide overviews of topics by synthesizing information gathered from other resources.

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Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may also be secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources.

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​Reference Books

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Reference Books

• Include facts, figures, addresses, statistics, definitions, dates, etc.

• Useful for finding factual or statistical information or for a brief overview of a particular topic.

• Examples: dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories

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Newspapers (News sources)

• Provides very current information about events, people, or places at the time they are published

• Useful for information on current events or to track the development of a story as it unfolds

• Examples: The Manila Bulletin, The New York Times, Philippine Daily Inquirer, CNN

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Newspapers

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​Magazines

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Magazines

• Include articles on diverse topics of popular interest and current events

• Articles typically written by journalists or professional writers

• Geared toward the general public

• Examples: Time, Newsweek, National Geographic

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Academic Journals (Peer-reviewed or scholarly journals)

• Include articles written by and for specialists/experts in a particular field

• Articles must go through a peer review process before they're accepted for publication

• Articles tend to have a narrower focus and more analysis of the topic than those in other types of publications

• Include cited references or footnotes at the end of research articles

• Examples: Journal of Communication, The Historian, Journal of the American Medical Association

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​Journals

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Academic Journals (Peer-reviewed or scholarly journals)

• Include articles written by and for specialists/experts in a particular field

• Articles must go through a peer review process before they're accepted for publication

• Articles tend to have a narrower focus and more analysis of the topic than those in other types of publications

• Include cited references or footnotes at the end of research articles

• Examples: Journal of Communication, The Historian, Journal of the American Medical Association

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Books

• Cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction 

• Useful for the complete background on an issue or an in-depth analysis of a theory or person

• Can take years to publish, so may not always include the most current information

• Examples: Harry Potter, The Hunger Games and Charlotte's Web,

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​Books

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Video is a format, and the Web is a delivery method.

You must assess the reliability of all sources of information; this determines:

• what information you use

• how it is presented it to the readers or listeners

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