Phases of Matter Notes

Matter is anything that has VOLUME and MASS. That is, it has mass and occupies space

​Volume: the amount of space taken up or occupied by an abject

Mass: The amount of matter contained in an object.

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Density​: equals the mass of the substance divided by its volume; D=m/v

*At constant mass, larger volume equals lower density​

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Matter exists in four stages. These are:

• Solids

• Liquids

• Gases

• Plasma​

• Particles are packed tightly together so they don't move much, they have a small vibration.

• They are fixed in their position and so, have very low kinetic energy.

• Have a definite shape, as well as mass and volume, and do not take to the shape of the container in which they are placed.

• Solids also have a high density, meaning that the particles are tightly packed together.

• ​Since tightly packed, they cannot be easily compressed.​

Solids

• The particles are more loosely packed than in a solid.

• They have more Kinetic energy than solids.

• They are fluids and so particles flow around each other.

• Liquids have an indefinite shape. They take the shape of the container.

• They occupy a fixed volume.​

• Generally, liquids have a lower density than solids

• Are also incredibly difficult to compress. 

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Liquids

• The particles have a great deal of space between them and have high kinetic energy.

• A gas has no definite shape or volume. If unconfined, the particles of a gas will spread out indefinitely; if confined, the gas will expand to fill its container.

• When a gas is put under pressure by reducing the volume of the container, the space between particles is reduced and the gas is compressed.

Gases

• Not a common state of matter here on Earth, but it may be the most common state of matter in the universe,

• Stars are essentially superheated balls of plasma. 

• Plasma consists of highly charged particles with extremely high kinetic energy.

• Like gases, they do not have definite volume, or shape.​

Plasma

By adding or removing thermal (heat) energy, matter can be transformed inot different phases

• Adding or removing energy from matter causes a physical change as matter moves from one state to another.

• For example, adding thermal energy (heat) to liquid water causes it to become steam or vapor (a gas). And removing energy from liquid water causes it to become ice (a solid).

• Physical changes can also be caused by motion and pressure

Melting:

• When heat is applied to a solid, its particles begin to vibrate faster and move farther apart.

• At a certain temperature (or pressure), the solid will begin to melt and turn into a liquid.

Freezing:

• When heat is removed from a liquid, its particles slow down and stay in place.

• When the substance reaches a cool enough temperature at a certain pressure, the freezing point, the liquid becomes a solid​

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Melting and freezing

Evaporation:

• As heat is added to a liquid, the increased energy causes more particle motion.

• More motion = more particles colliding and energy to be transferred to surface particles.

• These surface particles escape from the sample as free gas particles.

• At a certain temperature, liquid particles have enough energy to 'break free' forming gas​

Condensation:

• Occurs when a gas loses energy and comes together to form a liquid, as the particles move around less.

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Evaporation and Condensation

Sublimation:

• When a solid is converted directly into a gas without going through a liquid phase.

• A few volatile substances will undergo sublimation at room temperature and pressure, such as frozen carbon dioxide, or dry ice.​

Deposition:

• Occurs when a gas transforms directly into a solid, without going through the liquid phase.

• Water vapor becomes ice or frost when the air touching a solid, such as a blade of grass, is cooler than the rest of the air.

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Sublimation and Deposition

​Red arrow-Heat added

Blue Arrow-Heat removed​

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