Grammar

• perfect participles

• Having prepared very well for the exam, I am confident that I will pass.​

• perfect gerunds​

• He was sorry for having hurt her, however he denied having cheated on her.​

1. After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse.

Having learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, the students started collecting waste paper, bottles and cans to recycle and reuse.

2. Since Mai had refused Nam's offer of a lift in his car, she had to walk home.

Having refused Nam's offer of a lift in his car, Mai had to walk home.

3. After Ha had read some documents about Green Earth, she decided to join the organisation.

Having read some documents about Green Earth, Ha decided to join the organisation.

4. Since the farmers used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water.

Having used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, the farmers now have to drink polluted water.

5. After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she saved a lot of money on her electricity bills.

Having replaced all the light bulbs in the house with LED lights, she saved a lot of money on her electricity bills.

6. Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out.

Having become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuel runs out.

1/ Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticised for that.

Tonya was strongly criticised for having dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach.

2/ Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it.

Sam regretted not having worked hard enough in his previous job.

3/ Tony had rescued the kids from the fire. People admired him for that.

People admired Tony for having rescued the kids from the fire.

4/ I have seen him before. I remember that.

I remember having seen him before.

5/ ‘You've lied to us,' the villagers said. The politician denied it.

The politician denied having lied to the villagers.

6/ Thanh had forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house. He admitted that.

Thanh admitted having forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before leaving the house

Thanh admitted having forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house.