​Effects of the Crusades

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  1. Stimulating the trade of goods and ideas between Europe   and the Middle East

  a. Trade led to a growth in the number of European   towns

2. The return of coin money

3. Italian city-states gain power from trade along the Mediterranean Sea

4. Europeans were exposed to Muslim advances in math, science and medicine

​Middle Ages

​The Middle Ages was a time of hardship and self reliance.

​Trade had halted and crime was high.

​The unifying factor was the church which rose to power during this time.

​The economy was based on the manor system and the social status was based on the Feudal system.

​Characteristics of the Middle Ages

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B. Characteristics of the Early Middle Ages included:

  1. Disruption of trade

  2. A decline in learning

  3. Loss of a common language

  4. A general lack of progress

C. Urban centers disappeared as people moved to rural settings

D. Christianity became the dominant religion in Europe during the Middle Ages

​Charlemagne

E. The Battle of Tours

  1. An army led by Charles Martel stopped the advance of   Muslim armies at the northern border of Spain

  2. Prevented the spread of Islam in Europe

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II. Charlemagne

  A. Germanic Kingdoms that invaded Roman territory stake  their claim to small areas of land in Western Europe

2. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope

  a. This expanded papal power in Western European political affairs

​b. During Charlemagne the empire thrived but after his death it collapsed.

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Social characteristics of feudalism included:

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  1. The division of society into a rigid class system

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  2. Class was determined by birth and there was little social   mobility

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The four feudal classes were: 

  a. Lords b. Vassals c. Knight d. Sserfs

• Serfs were bound to the land and had few rights

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The Roman Catholic Church

  A. Religious functions of the   Church during the Middle   Ages   included:

  1. The promise of eternal life   provided hope for people who   had no social mobility

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Political functions of the Church during the Middle Ages included:

1. Keeping birth, marriage, and death records

2. Attempts at regulating kings’ power through canon law

a. Canon law is the law of the church which regulates church practices and individuals’ deeds

​The Crusades/ Black Plague

​Holy War between Christians and Muslims for Jerusalem.

Black Plague killed about 1/3 the population in Europe.

​Spread by the rats throughout Europe from Asia.

​The Crusades lost control of Jerusalem and tired to reclaim it but failed.

​Effects of the Crusaders

  1. Stimulating the trade of goods and ideas between Europe   and the Middle East

  a. Trade led to a growth in the number of European   towns

2. The return of coin money

3. Italian city-states gain power from trade along the Mediterranean Sea

4. Europeans were exposed to Muslim advances in math, science and medicine

​The Renaissance

The Renaissance (1300 to 1600), Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages:

–Renaissance means “rebirth”

–Revival in Greek & Roman ideas, learning, & trade

–New ideas in art, government, & human potential

–The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “modern era”

nItalians spent money on art to show their new wealth

nRenaissance artists & architects were inspired by the Greeks & Romans but used new styles to make innovative new designs:

–Showed realism & expressions

–Used perspective & shading

–Emphasized individual people

​Mona Lisa Leonardo Da Vince

​Reformation

​ Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained though having faith in God; He called this idea Justification by Faith.

​He was troubled by the church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation. The invention of the printing press lead to circulation of the 95 theses calling out the church for their wrong doings.

​Reformation

​ Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations

During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested church corruptions & practices in hopes of reforming Christianity

Age of Exploration

​Exploration

• ​The age of Exploration was made possible due to advances in technology.

• ​The first country to start to explore is Portugal.

• ​Europeans wanted a short cut to Europe because the inland routes were to expensive and controlled by the Ottoman Empire.