​Internet Connections

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Businesses and homes depend on Internet access.

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Created by telecommunications companies and academic institutions.

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​Customer Connect Via a Point of Presence (POP). The ISP uses a backhaul link to connect each POP to their core network infrastructure.

​Broadband Internet

• ​An "always on" connection.

• ​DSL uses high frequencies in a digital phone line.

• ​A filter separates DSL signal from voice traffic.

• ​DSL modem connects to a phone system (router/modem/ap).

• ​Phone line connects to the modem.

• ​If you see PPP over ATM or PPPoE it is referring to DSL.

​Fiber Optic Internet Access

• ​Higher Bandwidth, longer distance than copper.

• ​Telecommunication networks use fiber.

• ​Fiber to the home (FTTH) is becoming more common.

• ​Cable TV and Teleco0m providers can both offer fiber connection.

• ​Hybrid Fiber Coax (broadband cable) - Fiber core with coax to the customer.

• ​Cable modems are DOCSIS compliant: 38 Mbps originally.

• ​DOCSIS v3 allows multiplexed channels for higher bandwidth.

​Dial-Up Internet Access

• ​Uses plain old telephone lines (POTS)

• ​Not a different frequency like DSL.

• ​Line cannot be used for voice at the same time.

• ​Low Data transfer rates of 56 Kbps.

​Remote and Rural Solutions

• ​Wired broadband may not be available.

  • ​Too far from provider.

  • ​Older buildings where wiring is not possible.

• ​Two options:

  • ​Satellite - Large coverage area, dish at customer aligned to ISP.

• ​Line of Sight (LOS) wireless internet service provider (WISP).

  • ​Line of site is two antennas with no obstructions between them.

  • ​Range of frequencies may be affected by 5G cell service.

​Cellular Radio Networks

• ​Wi-Fi bands have restricted range ~5 miles.

• ​Used by some IOT devices.

• ​Cellular radios operate in the 850 to 900 MHz frequency band in US.

• ​Transmitter connects cell phone to landline or mobile networks.

• ​Cellular radio wireless networking allows long range communications over smart devices.