​ 1. Defining relative clause (MĐQH xác định)

​- gives essential information about a person or thing

- comes immediately after the noun it describes

- is not separated by a comma

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​There are several matters which we need to discuss.

​2. Non-defining relative clause (MĐQH không xác định)

​- gives extra information which does not identify the person or thing

- is separated from the main clause by commas

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​Paris, which I’ve visited several times, is my favourite city.

​ 3. People + who / whom

​People + who + V

Do you know the examiner who asks the questions in the IELTS speaking test?

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​People + whom + S + V

There were several people whom I did not recognize.

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​ 4. Things + which

​Things + which + V

This is the equipment which gave us a lot of problems.

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​Things + which + S + V

It is subject which Professor James knows a great deal about.

​ 5. People + whose + N + V

​ Things

​People + whose + N + V

The police want to interview anyone whose car has been vandalized recently.

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​Things + whose + N + V

One of the cars, whose wheels had been removed, had to be taken to a garage.

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​ 6. Prepositions and relative pronouns

​The goods, which we had already paid for, had to be returned to the factory. (less formal)

​= The goods, for which we had already paid, had to be returned to the factory. ​(formal)

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​The professor whom I attended the conference with offered me a research post. (less formal)

​= The professor with whom I attended the conference offered me a research post. ​(formal)

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​ 7. When / Where / Why

​Time + when

Monday was the day when the results were expected.

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​Place + where

I stopped at the top of the stairs, where there was a window.

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​Reason + why

​This lack of preparation was the main reason why the project was a failure.

​ 8. Reduced relative clauses

Verb in active form

Most of the people who waited for tickets went away disappointed.

​= Most of the people waiting for tickets went away disappointed.

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​Verb in passive form

This is the only painting which was sold during the exhibition.

​= This is the only painting sold during the exhibition.

​ 9. Quantifier + of which / of whom

All / part / both

​Most / many /some + of which / of whom

​[Number]

​​Neither / none

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​There are three castles, one of which has Roman origins.

Ten people were rescued from the crash, none of whom was badly injured.

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