Chapter 5 review

• ​Rocks are solid chunks of one or more minerals

• ​They are usually solid

• ​Igneous

• ​Sedimentary

• ​Metamorphic

• ​They are formed when molten rock cools and harden

  Molten rock inside the Earth = Magma

  Molten rock outside the Earth = Lava

• ​Igneous rock formed on the Earth’s surface = Extrusive igneous rock

  Igneous rock formed below the Earth’s surface = Intrusive igneous rock

​•They are made of small particles called sediment

•Sediment can come from non living or living organisms.

•They usually form in water

​•They are formed through a lot of heat or pressure

•They are formed below the Earth’s surface

•Volcanoes, earthquakes, and the movement of tectonic plates can produce metamorphic rocks

•All rocks can be transformed into a metamorphic rock

• •It is a crystallized solid, inorganic, homogenous substance.

  Some minerals consist of a single element

  Most minerals are made up of molecules

​•Rocks are made of minerals

•Minerals are pure substances that have characteristic properties

​•Color of solid

•Lustre

•Streak color

•Hardness

•Magnetism

•Reaction with acid (effervescence)

​•Some minerals have a very distinct color

•Some vary widely in color because of impurities

•To find the true color of a mineral, experts break the mineral into pieces

• ​Appearance of a sample’s surface as it reflects light

  Can be metallic or non-metallic

  For non-metallic, it can be pearly, glassy, or oily

• It is the color of a powder produced by crushing a mineral on a non-glassy surface ceramic

​•Scratching resistance of a mineral

•Scientists usually use the Mohs hardness scale to determine how resistant the mineral is

​•Some minerals are magnetic, they react in presence of magnets.

•You can put a compass near a mineral to determine whether the mineral is magnetic.

•If the needle of the compass points towards the mineral, it is magnetic

​•We can determine whether a mineral reacts to acid by putting a drop of acid on the mineral

•If the mineral reacts with acid, bubbles will form

• ​It is a thin, loose layer on top of the Earth’s crust

  How many components are there in soil?

  Answer = 4

• ​Soil is made of minerals, water, air and organic matter

​•Formation of soil begins with a parent rock.

•Parent rock: solid part of the crust where soil is formed

•Parent rock slowly wears away by erosion

•Erosion: Process of removing a material and transporting it to another location

•Agents of erosion: Water, wind , glaciers, etc

​•Almost all soil contains organic matter

•Where does it come from?

•Come from living organisms that have decomposed

•Organic matter gives the soil its black color

• ​Humus

• ​Soil is classified according to the size of the particles it contains

  Particles in soil mostly come from erosion

  Erosion produce particles of different sizes depending on the type of rock and the intensity of the agents of erosion

• ​Clay soil

  Loamy soil

  Sandy soil

  Humus-bearing soil

• ​ It is made of clay

• ​Hard soil where particles are stuck together

• ​The particles in clay soil are less than 0.0002mm

• ​It does not leave much space for air and water to circulate

• ​Quickly soaks up water during heavy rain

• ​Particles stick together

• ​The particles of loam are between 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm

• ​There is more space between the particles than the clay soil

• ​Erodes more easily during heavy rain

• ​Made of sand

• ​Particles do not stick together

• ​Particles of sand are between 0.05 mm to 2mm

• ​They let more air or water go through

• ​Allows water to pass through quickly during a heavy rain

• ​Does not hold water easily

• ​It is mostly made up of organic matter

• ​Soaks up and retains water very well

• ​Good soil for growing plants

​•Examples:

•Solar energy is the starting point of the water cycle

•Solar energy causes wind to occur

•Solar energy is at the base of the food chain

• Begins with water from the ocean storing energy from the Sun’s ray

  It is followed by evaporation

  Once the water molecules are in the air by evaporation, the atmosphere cools the water molecules during condensation

  This increases air temperature

  Following condensation, there is precipitation

  Water is then collected in the oceans

• This cycle causes almost all of the meteorological events on Earth

• ​Remember: The water cycle is possible because of the Sun

• Examples: Storms, hurricanes, tornadoes

​•Solar energy is essential for the nutrition of plants, animals, and humans

•It is essential for photosynthesis, a chemical reaction that will provide food for plants and other living organisms

• ​Wind is the movement of air caused by the Earth’s rotation and by the pressure differences between two air masses

  The Sun’s rays heat the Earth, but not evenly

  When air warms, the volume increases and the pressure drops.

  Air masses then moves from an area with high pressure to an area with low pressure, creating wind

•The wind would move in a straight line

•Earth’s rotation is responsible for the shape of hurricanes and tornadoes​

• ​Happens when air masses meet and create turbulence

  Storms happen when cumulonimbus clouds become too big

  Cumulonimbus clouds are created by the condensation of water molecules that has evaporated

  It will produce lightning, thunder, heavy rain, etc.

​•Tornadoes form over the land. They have winds that can reach more than 480km/h in the centre of a tornado They also usually last a few minutes

•Hurricanes form over the water and their winds exceed 119km/h. They can persist for weeks

​•Renewable energy: It is energy sources that comes from natural resources and that can be replaced over a relatively short time scale

•Non-renewable energy: It comes from resources that are not replaced or are replaced only very slowly by natural processes

​•Solar energy

•Wind energy

•Hydraulic energy

•Biomass

•Geothermal energy

•Nuclear energy

•Fossil energy