​All modals have a basic form

• ​there is no tense

• ​there is no agreement

​

​Lisa might apply for a promotion.

​Lisa might not apply for a promotion.

​Might Lisa apply for a promotion?

​Who might apply for a promotion?

​Why might Lisa apply for a promotion?

​

​Modals are grammatically simple--their meaning is what's hard.

​Some modals have a perfect form

• ​may (not) have

• ​might (not) have

• cannot have​

• could (not) have

• ​should (not) have + past participle

• ​will (not) have

• ​would (not) have

• ​must (not) have

​Examples

1. Ana may/might have taken math previously.

2. ​Michelle can't have traveled to Mars.

3. ​Pierre couldn't have driven to California yesterday.

4. ​We should have played another view game.

5. (*​Nery will have finished 0102 by Dec. 15.)

6. ​(*Dayomi would have taken the online 0106 if she had wanted to.)

7. ​Adjo must have studied hard since she did so well.

​

​*These have meanings outside of what we learned in class.

​Modal-like Auxiliaries/ Quasi-Modals

​There are a number of modal-like auxiliaries that we use in addition to using true modals. Some have tense and agreement:

​

• ​have to / not have to

• ​be (not) supposed to

• ​need to / not need to

• ​be (not) able to

• ​know how to

​

​Some don't: ought to, had better