​Answer: Sporozoite. Because this is the stage that enters human body

Definitive host is the organism in which a parasite becomes mature and reproduces sexually

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​Fever occurs after the rupture of blood schizont. Due to the release of toxins, pigments , merozoites, byproducts

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Release pyrogen

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Stimulate temp regulating centre in the brain

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FEVER

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​Asymptomatic carriers can still be the source of infection and transmit the parasite to mosquitoes.

​ANSWER: ​NO. (but you are not subjected to hyperinfection)

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​Repeated antigen exposure from infective bites protects against high numbers of parasite and illness without eliminating the infection (premunition)

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This immunity disappears once the infection is eliminated.

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• ​Mature forms change the surface properties of infected RBC, causing them to stick to blood vessels (cytoadherence) → sequestration. This leads to obstruction of the microcirculation and results in dysfunction of multiple organs, typically the brain in cerebral malaria.

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• ​ As a result of this cytoadherence, the only asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites found in peripheral blood smears are young (ring) stage parasites because their host RBCs do not yet have knobs and therefore do not cytoadhere to the microvascular endothelium.

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​1.Vector control

Ø Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)

Ø Indoor spraying with residual insecticides

2.Chemoprophylaxis

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​3.Mosquito avoidance measures

Ø insect repellent, wearing long sleeves & long pants

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​Any questions?

Email me at:

amirahamir@um.edu.my

 OR

amirahamir@ummc.edu.my