​3 Laws of Logic

1. The law of identity - ​

   (x infers x or x is x)

2. ​The law of contradiction - it is impossible for to be true.

3. ​The law of excluded middle - In

   one of these must be true.

​Necessary v. Sufficient Conditions

​Necessary Conditions - Conditions which must be in place in order for success to be achieved.

​

​Sufficient Conditions - Conditions which are enough to achieve success, but are not necessarily the only path to success.

​Occam's Razor

​Occam's Razor - All things being equal, if there are two or more theories that explain some phenomena, the simplest, and fewest, explanations that sufficiently cover every phenomenon is the best explanation.

​

Hanlon's Razor - Never attribute to malice what can be attributed to stupidity.

​Ad Hominem

A personal attack on an interlocutor rather than a logical assertion about their argument.

​

​Someone being a felon, a Democrat, or a Christian does not necessitate that their arguments are bad or wrong.

​Halo (or Devil) Effect

​The Halo Effect is when we attribute unrelated positive traits to something or someone due to one positive trait.

​

​The Devil Effect is when we attribute unrelated negative traits to something or someone due to one negative trait.

​Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

​A Post Hoc fallacy is a causal link where none may exist. In order to avoid post hoc fallacies, we need to be positive that something which follows another event is truly caused by that event.

​

​Post hoc ergo propter hoc means "after this, therefore, caused by this."