What does learning to speak involve?

to introduce

to inform

to compliment

to greet

Fluency

Accuracy

Fluency

Accuracy

fluency

interaction

accuracy

appropriacy

Build inauthentic relationships with others

Be sarcastic with you group

Let someone lead

Build authentic relationships with others

Ranking

Students have to rank items in order of usefulness on a desert island, e.g. water, food, a boat, clothes, rope, a tent, a compass, etc.

Students first list their own order then they can try to persuade their partner.

With arguments rehearsed they can then work as a four, and so on.

'Find someone who…'

Each person finds someone who… plays the guitar / rides a bike / has been to Italy,

Story-telling

This should be intrinsically interesting for students. Stories could range from anecdotes (short, personal accounts of an incident from real life) to long and meandering sagas using pictures or words as prompts.

Accuracy

Fluency

Teachers draw students' attention to details of how we construct a grammatical form

Teachers model, repeat, and give feedback.

Teachers help students to notice the gap between the correct and incorrect language.

There is no correction or interruption.

Accuracy-focused

Fluency-focused

Accuracy activity

Fluency activity

Speakers use different words and structures.

In speech situations – thinking, listening and speaking happen simultaneously.

Speech is sensitive to context in which it occurs.

Speaking involves learning the language suitable for talking about different things.

Ask questions for various purposes – to gather information; to clarify; to compare

Express feelings and give opinions – relate to personal beliefs, experiences.

Make and receive telephone calls – polite speech forms.

Perform a variety of functions in a social context – exchange greetings, make introductions, take leave, apologize, congratulate

Express feelings and give opinions – relate to personal beliefs, experiences.

Convey a message – in reported speech accurately.

Ask questions for various purposes – to gather information; to clarify; to compare

Give relevant information in response to enquiries made – to identify; to describe

Information function

Responding function

Transactional function

Interactional function

Transactional function

Responding function

Interaction function

Information function

Function

Linguistic forms

Automaticity of response

Lack of respond