Recap: What are Passive Verbs?

• Passive-voice verbs show when action is happening TO the subject, instead of being done BY the subject

• In English, using passive voice is generally considered "bad writing," but in Latin, passives are EVERYWHERE

Passive Voice Verbs - Why are they so common in Latin?

• Passive verbs put the emphasis on the ACTION (the verb), not the person DOING the action (the subject)

• Remember that in Latin, sometimes, sentences won't even have a subject at all

• Verbs are the focus, so if the emphasis of the sentence is the action itself, as opposed to the person completing the action, passive will be used instead of active

Active vs. Passive

Active: Emphasis on the DOER

Passive: Emphasis on the ACTION

Translating Passives into English

• We usually translate passives from Latin to English using some form of "be" (be, being, been, will be, etc.) + the past participle ("verbed")

• I am being attacked, you will be cut off, h/s/i has been praised, etc.

• Remember passives are VERBS so there must be an ACTION

Recap: Passive Verb FORMS

• We spent a while in Q1 reviewing how to form (make the Latin words for) and translate (put into English) passive verbs in PRESENT, IMPERFECT, and FUTURE tenses

• We know that in THOSE tenses, to make a verb passive, we change the ENDING from an ACTIVE one (-o/-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) to a PASSIVE one (-or/-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)

Introducing Passives in the Perfect System: Recap of Perfect System

• The perfect system is PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, and FUTURE PERFECT tenses

• These all use the THIRD principal part (P.P.) minus the -i as their stem

• This is why the 3rd P.P. is known as the PERFECT STEM

Recap: Perfect ACTIVES

• Take off the -i from the 3rd P.P.

• Add perfect endings

• -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt

• Translate "verbed," "has/have verbed"

• duco, ducere, duxi, ductus - to lead

• duxi, duxisti, duxit, duximus, duxistis, duxerunt

Recap: Pluperfect ACTIVES

• Take off the -i from the 3rd P.P.

• Add -era-

• -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

• Translate "had verbed"

• duco, ducere, duxi, ductus - to lead

• duxeram, duxeras, duxerat, duxeramus, duxeratis, duxerant

Introducing Perfect System Passives

• This works TOTALLY DIFFERENTLY than what we just reviewed

• These will all use a TWO-WORD PHRASE

• Don't panic! This is actually MORE like how passives work in English.

• The first word will be a Perfect Passive Participle (P.P.P.)

• The second word will be a form of "be" in Latin (sum, esse, fui, futurus)

Basic Rules for all Perf. System Passives

• TWO WORDS

• FIRST WORD: find the P.P.P. of the verb (4th P.P., with -us, -a, -um endings), change the ending so it AGREES with the subject

• If subject is masc/sing, use -us. If fem/sing, use -a. If neut/sing, use -um. If masc/pl, use -i. If fem/pl, use -ae. If neut/pl, use -a.

• SECOND WORD: some form of "be" in Latin (sum, esse, fui, futurus)

But why the complicated endings situation on the first word?

• Remember, these are a combination of a being verb (sum, es, est...) and a PARTICIPLE

• Participles are technically ADJECTIVES

• Adjectives in Latin have to AGREE with their nouns in gender/number/case

Perfect PASSIVE - has/have been verbed

• TWO WORDS

• FIRST WORD: find the P.P.P. of the verb (4th P.P., with -us, -a, -um endings), change the ending so it AGREES with the subject

• SECOND WORD: present form of esse (sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt)

• duco, ducere, duxi, ductus - to lead

• ductus/a/um sum, ductus/a/um es, ductus/a/um est,        ducti/ae/a sumus, ducti/ae/a estis, ducti/ae/a sunt

Pluperfect PASSIVES - had been verbed

• TWO WORDS

• FIRST WORD: find the P.P.P. of the verb (4th P.P., with -us, -a, -um endings), change the ending so it AGREES with the subject

• SECOND WORD: imperfect form of esse (eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant)

• duco, ducere, duxi, ductus - to lead

• ductus/a/um eram, ductus/a/um eras, ductus/a/um erat,        ducti/ae/a eramus, ducti/ae/a eratis, ducti/ae/a erant

Note that the FIRST WORD of the two-word phrase DOESN'T CHANGE from tense to tense - THEY ARE ALL 4TH P.P.s.

Only the second word will change between perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive verbs.