Topic 1.1 Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Positive

Partial Positive

Negative

Partial Negative

Positive

Partial Positive

Negative

Partial Negative

It lowers the pH of lakes and ponds

It disrupts hydrogen bonds.

It allows nonpolar substances to dissolve in water.

It creates an ice layer on the surface of lakes and ponds, and prevents them from completely freezing.

That the celery leaves caught the evaporating red water.

That the celery was absorbing all the red water.

That the water was passing through the celery all the way up to the leaves.

The insects are light enough so that they do not break the hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together

The insects actually use their wings to hover slightly above the water's surface and they only skim it with their feet

The insects' feet are non-polar, so they are repelled by the polar water molecules and are pushed away from the water's surface

The insects are small enough to see the individual water molecules, so they are able to step carefully from one molecule to the next

capillary action

atoms

hydrogen bonding

ion-ion attractions

a high density

a large gram formula mass

Ionic

Polar Covalent

Nonpolar Covalent

Metallic

the amount of hydrogen (H⁺) ions

the amount of hydroxide (OH^-) ions

amount of water

all of the above

1

4

8

14

catalyst

enzyme

water

buffer

it has more H+ ions than OH-

it has more OH- ions than H+

it does not produce any ions

it has an equal amount of H+ and OH- in solution