You will have the chance to share one thing you know on the next slide

LIFE IS CELLULAR

Learning Goals

• What is Cell Theory?

• Relate the advancement of microscopes to the better understanding of cells

• Name and describe the basic cell structures

• Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

​There are a wide variety of cells

4 Characteristics that all cells have in common:

• ​Contain DNA

• ​Surrounded by a cell membrane

• ​Contain cytoplasm

• ​Have ribosomes

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Learning Goals

• Identify the structures of the major cell organelles

• Explain the functions of the major cell organelles

ORGANELLES FOR CELL CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS

NUCLEUS

• Found in all Eukaryotic ells

• ​Control center of cell

• ​Contains cell's DNA: instructions for what cell does / how to make proteins

​Nucleolus: central dense region

Nuclear Pores: openings let certain materials in/out

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope: double membrane layer surrounds nucleus

Chromatin: DNA + proteins

CYTOPLASM

• Jelly-like substance that the organelles and structures are suspended in inside the cell

• Made of mostly water and salts

RIBOSOMES

• Makes proteins

  • protein synthesis

• Found in all cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Conveyor belt membrane system for proteins going out of the cell

• Rough ER: is rough with ribosomes!

• Smooth ER: no ribosomes, like a warehouse

GOLGI APPARATUS

• Modify, sort and package proteins

• Proteins are “shipped” to their final destinations inside / outside the cell

• ​Vesicles: "packages" the Golgi sends

• ​Like Amazon or Post Office of the cell

ORGANELLES FOR STORAGE, CLEAN UP, AND SUPPORT

VACUOLE

• Store materials: water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

• Plant Cells: single large central vacuole filled with water

• Animal Cells: small vacuoles maintain water balance (homeostasis)

LYSOSOMES

• “cleanup crew” of the cell - removes waste

• contain digestive enzymes

• Also break down old organelles

CYTOSKELETON + CENTRIOLES

• Structure and transport 

• Help transport materials along structures (like a railroad) involved in cell movement

• Centrioles - involved in cell division, only in animal cells

ORGANELLES FOR ENERGY

SUPPLYING THE CELL WITH ENERGY

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

All living things require energy Metabolism at the cellular level 2 organelles do this Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA

​Inherit from mother

Has own DNA!

Sort of act as "own organism"

Does own thing in cell

Replicate themselves on own

Does not need instructions from cell's nucleus

• ​Convert/provide energy!

• Break down glucose from “food”, convert into chemical E (ATP) cell can use

​​Structure: double-membrane, inner membrane folded.

​

Cell can have 100s-1000s depending on type of cell!

CHLOROPLAST

• Performs photosynthesis

• Capture and convert E from sunlight into chemical energy (stored as food) - GLUCOSE

• Contains green pigment chlorophyll

• ​Found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae (perform photosynthesis)

CELL MEMBRANE

• Barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

• Protects and supports cell

• ​Made of lipid bilayer with proteins

CELL WALL

• Support, shape, and protection

• ​Lets certain materials pass: water, gases, & other materials

• ANIMAL CELLS DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL

• Commonly found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae cells

ORGANELLES FOR MOVEMENT

CILIA + FLAGELLA

Flagella

long whip-like tail organelle

extend from cell surface

can have 1 or more

not on all cells

​Cilia

short hair-like organelles

​extend from surface of cell

sense things / movement