Nuclear instability and Light

Alpha decay- loss of alpha particle

beta decay- neutron and loss of e^-

gamma decay- nuclear fission and excess energy

Alpha and beta are nuclear changes

gamma is caused by alpha and energy

Photons

electromagnetic wave particles-electric field and magnetic field

quantum

 $\lambda$   $\nu$  =C

 $\lambda$  wavelength

 $\nu$  frequency

c the speed of light constant 3.00 x 10^8

amplitude

the constant speed that light travels in a vacuum

3.00 x 10⁸

the gain loss or sharing of electrons create chemical bonding

are found in orbitals around the nucleus

outermost energy shell

the reactive e^- 's

the bonding force

dense electron clouds where e^-'s are most likely to be found

they increase the diameter of the atom

S,P,D,F

spherical

2 e^-

1S (1S₁ 1S₂)

2S (2S₁ 2S₂)

Hydrogen has 1e^- (1S₁)

Helium has 2e^- (1S₂)

Lithium has 3e^- (2S₁)

Beryllium has 4e^- (2S₂)

must fill orbitals in order from lowest ground state

Aufbau principle

boron 5 e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₁)

Carbon 6e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₂)

Nitrogen 7e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₃)

Oxygen 8e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₄)

Fluorine 9e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₅)

Neon 10 e^- (1S₂2S₂2P₆)

Principle- size of energy level

angular momentum- shape of the orbital

spin- spin of e^-

magnetic- orbital orientation