What are the three principles of the Cell Theory?

1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. The cell is the basic structural unit of life. 3. New cells come from pre-existing cells.

What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell, while multicellular organisms are composed of many cells.

What is the cellular organization hierarchy?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems.

What are prokaryotic cells?

Small, simple cells without internal membranes; genetic material is not in a nucleus.

What are eukaryotic cells?

Larger, more complex cells with internal membranes; genetic material is found in a nucleus.

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

Animals, plants, fungi, protists.

What structures do all cells have?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material (DNA or RNA).

What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?

Structure: Made of two layers (phospholipid bilayer). Function: Controls what goes into and out of the cell, protects and supports the cell.

What is the structure and function of cytoplasm?

Structure: Jelly-like solution made of water, salt, and protein. Function: Holds everything in place within the cell.

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

Structure: Thread-like fibers made of protein. Function: Gives the cell shape, moves organelles, provides structural support for animal cells.

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

Structure: Contains genetic material (DNA), surrounded by nuclear envelope. Function: Protects DNA, controls cell activities.

What is the structure and function of the nucleolus?

Structure: Dense region inside the nucleus. Function: Makes ribosomes.

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

Structure: Made of RNA and proteins, found floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER. Function: Makes proteins.

What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Structure: Attached to the nucleus, has ribosomes on its surface. Function: Makes and modifies proteins.

What is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Structure: Attached to rough ER, no ribosomes on its surface. Function: Makes lipids, steroid hormones, detoxifies the cell.

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

Structure: Folded membrane. Function: Packages and ships proteins around the cell.

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

Structure: Vesicles containing enzymes. Function: Break down waste, perform programmed cell death (apoptosis).

What is the structure and function of vacuoles?

Structure: Small and numerous in animal cells; one large central vacuole in plant cells. Function: Stores materials, helps maintain cell shape in plants.

What is the structure and function of cilia and flagella?

Structure: Cilia are short and numerous; flagella are longer and fewer. Function: Cilia move fluid across cell surface; flagella move the entire cell.

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

Structure: Folded inner membrane surrounding a fluid matrix. Function: Converts food and sugars into energy (ATP).

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

Structure: Contain stacks of folded membranes surrounded by fluid, contain chlorophyll. Function: Convert energy from the sun into sugars (photosynthesis).

What is the structure and function of the cell wall?

Structure: Made of cellulose (in plants) or carbs. Function: Supports and protects the cell, maintains cell shape.

What did Frederick Griffith discover in 1928?

Bacteria can transfer characteristics to other bacteria.

What did Oswald Avery confirm in 1944?

DNA stores and transmits genetic information.

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase prove in 1952?

DNA is the genetic material found in genes in all living cells.

What did Rosalind Franklin discover about DNA?

DNA is tightly wound, using X-ray images.

What did James Watson and Francis Crick determine about DNA?

DNA has a double helix shape and modeled the molecule.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Store, copy, and transmit genetic information; contain genes for making proteins.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogen base.

What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).

What is DNA replication?

The process of making an identical copy of DNA before cell division.

What is semi-conservative replication?

Each parent strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand, forming two identical DNA molecules.

History of the Cell and DNA Flashcards

Student preview

44 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Who was the first person to see cells and when?

Back

Robert Hooke in 1665.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What did Robert Hooke use to examine cork?

Back

A microscope.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What did Robert Hooke name the geometric shapes he saw?

Back

Cells.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Who was the first person to observe living cells under a microscope and when?

Back

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1673.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the organisms he observed?

Back

Animalcules.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Who observed that tissues of all plants contain cells and when?

Back

Matthias Schleiden in 1838.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Who observed that tissues of all animals contain cells and when?

Back

Theodore Schwann in 1839.

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