CCT Lecture 7-9

+ evidence or proof provided by the existence of sth

+ testimony of sb else: sth ppl tell you, you know (textbooks, scientific reports, name & birth, etc.)

+ through your perception & experience

+ through reflection

+ through the testimony of other ppl

the probability that what a speaker says it true is determined by:

1. the speaker's competence or reliability at believing true claims

2. the speaker's sincerity, or tendency to say what they believe to be true

what they tell is false even though they know the truth

they believe they tell you the truth, but what they are telling is not likely to be true

• they speculate outside their area of knowledge
• they are uncareful
• they reason using unreliable heuristics
• their reasoning is biased
• they have epistemic vices (e.g. are gullible, too arrogant to change their mind)

1. not incentivised to be sincere

(they think they can get away w/ making false claims)

2. incentivised to be insincere

(they have a lot to lose by telling the truth & to gain by not telling the truth)

+ there are epistemically legitimate appeals to authority in supporting arguments

+ trustworthy testimony may provide good evidential support for the premises of an argument

1. statistical syllogism

2. abduction

if is it reasonable to believe the premises, there is evidential support for the conclusion

this is not a fallacy

is to attack the person offering an argument w/o giving reasons to think the argument unsound or non-transmissive

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