Chapters 17-18

Serological tests are used to monitor the spread of infection, detect the number of antigens or antibodies in blood serum, and determine blood type in humans. They are NOT used to amplify copies of genes.

Variolation refers to an early method of immunization against smallpox.

Active immunization involves the introduction of foreign molecules (antigens) into the body to stimulate an immune response.

Localized epidemics of the disease may result.

If no color develops in an ELISA test, it indicates that the test is negative.

Vaccines involving attenuated viruses are designed to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease.

Serology is the study of blood serum and the immune response in the serum.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.

Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, making its spread unlikely.

Active immunity is developed through exposure to antigens, while passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another source.