Apostrophes and Commas

An apostrophe is used to indicate possession or to form contractions.

The contraction for 'are not' is 'aren't'.

The correct possessive form is 'friend's'.

For plural nouns that end in 's', you add an apostrophe after the 's' (e.g., dogs' leashes).

The correct possessive form is 'women's'.

Commas are used to separate items in a list.

You should use a comma before 'and' in a list when it is the last item (Oxford comma), though its use can be stylistic.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when it connects two independent clauses.

The correct punctuation is: 'Ethan ran 2 miles every day, and he improved his time.'

For a singular noun that does not end in 's', you add 's (e.g., the dog's leash).